MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR TARGETS AS THE BASISOF PRECLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

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D.A. Gnatenko (1,3), D.S. Kostyushev (1,9), A.V. Andreeva (2), G.A. Filatova (2), A. Notkins (4), M. von Herrath (5,6), М.А. Paltsev (7–9), S.V. Suchkov (1,2,9)
1 -I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia, 2 -Moscow State Medical Stomatological University, Moscow, Russia, 3 -A.V. Vishnevskiy Institute of Surgery of Ministry of Health Care and Social Development of RF, Moscow, Russia,
4 -National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA, 5 -Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, University of California in San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA, 6 -R&D Division, Novo Nordisk Company (Denmark),
7 -«Kurchatov Institute» National Research Center, 8 -PFUR Translation Medicine Institute, Moscow, Russia,
9 -European Predictive-Preventive and Personalized Medicine Association (EPMA), Brussels, EU

In autoimmune diabetes mellitus (IDDM), clinical manifestation is typically preceded by several years of latent autoimmune insulitis. The autoimmune process arises only in genetically predisposed people,and is usually provoked by an infectious pathogen. Dagnostics of IDDM in latent stage had been rare until recently, but now it has become possible to translate data collected by studies of human genome (genomics) and of protein profiles in healthy individuals and in conditions of pathology (proteomics) into clinical practice, creating biomarkers that allow diagnosing the disease at early preclinical stages, detecting genetic succeptability to IDDM, predicting prognosis and creating treatment programs for individual patients, accessing risk groups and giving scientifically based treatment and advice that would help to prevent the disease. In this review, we start by covering basic principles of selecting biomarkers of IDDM for clinical application. After that, we proceed to give information on individual genes and proteins that are currently used for prediction of IDDM development, and on those markers that have shown themselves promising for future clinical application.
Keywords: 
autoimmune diabetes mellitus, biomarkers, predictive medicine